MMB Completion & References (do not use – keeping for reference)

CONGRATULATIONS!
Congratulations on successfully completing your course in minor burns management! This accomplishment marks an important step in enhancing your clinical skills and expanding your ability to provide high-quality care. By understanding the key principles of assessing, treating, and managing minor burns, you are now better equipped to handle these situations with confidence and efficiency.
Minor burns are among the most common injuries encountered in both emergency and routine healthcare settings, and your new knowledge will significantly contribute to your ability to offer prompt, evidence-based care. We hope this course has not only deepened your understanding of burn treatments but has also reinforced the importance of patient education and preventative care.
Keep up the great work as you continue to build your expertise in this area and embrace the challenges and rewards that come with advancing your practice!
References
Abu-Sittah, G., Chahine, F., & Janom, H. (2016). Management of burns in the elderly. Ann Burns Fire Disasters, 29(4), 249–245. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5347309/
Agency for Clinical Innovation. (2023, April 4). Burns. Emergency Care Assessment and Treatment; State of New South Wales. https://aci.health.nsw.gov.au/ecat/adult/burns
Alen Palackic, Franco-Mesa, C., Beck, I., Nolte, S., Tapking, C., Panayi, A. C., Stolle, A., Haug, V., Christoph Hirche, Ulrich Kneser, & Hundeshagen, G. (2023). The Impact of Facial Burns on Short- and Long-Term Quality of Life and Psychological Distress—A Prospective Matched Cohort Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(15), 5057–5057. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12155057
American Academy of Ophthalmology. (2025). Chemical (Alkali and Acid) Injury of the Conjunctiva and Cornea – EyeWiki. Eyewiki.org. https://eyewiki.org/Chemical_(Alkali_and_Acid)_Injury_of_the_Conjunctiva_and_Cornea
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2023). Injury in Australia: Thermal causes. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/injury/thermal-causes?__cf_chl_tk=HztrrRznXe7.KuaAu0hIv.cpIIpUJtrR826pdmWAHcs-1738322433-1.0.1.1-tTzBplrmAG85zpgNSEV8E4mUizWo63CQ_W.nbt9fIME
Baillie, S. E., Sellwood, W., & Wisely, J. A. (2014). Post-traumatic growth in adults following a burn. Burns, 40(6), 1089–1096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2014.04.007
Bilyk, J. R. (2024). Ocular Burns – Injuries; Poisoning. MSD Manual Professional Edition. https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/eye-trauma/ocular-burns
Brown, N. H., Rajo, E. M., Danos, D., Petell, J., Teachout, H., Mercante, A., & Phelan, H. A. (2024). Association Between Burn Location and Psychological Distress: A Burn Model System National Database Study. Journal of Burn Care & Research, 45(4), 1001–1008. https://doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irae063
Burns Registry of Australia and New Zealand. (2024). Burns Registry of Australia and New Zealand Annual Report July 1 2022- June 30 2023. Monash University.
Carter, D. W. (2022, November). Burns – Injuries; Poisoning. MSD Manual Professional Edition. https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/burns/burns
Chakiath, J. A., & Chittoria, R. kumar . (2023). History of Burns: A Review. Indian Journal of Medical & Health Sciences, 10(2), 79–85. https://doi.org/10.21088/ijmhs.2347.9981.10223.3
Ching, P. R., George, N., Kottilil, S., & Narayanan, S. (2022). 1405. High risk or unstable substance use may predict OPAT nonadherence among people who use drugs (PWUD) admitted with invasive infections. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 9(Supplement_2). https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofac492.1234
Chung, J. (2015). Topical silver therapy. DermNet NZ. https://dermnetnz.org/topics/topical-silver-therapy
Department of Veterans’ Affairs. (2016). Healing 3.1 How does the body heal? In Australian Government. https://www.dva.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/providers/woundcare/healing.pdf
DermNet. (2008). Principles of dermatological practice. Functions of the skin | DermNet NZ. Dermnetnz.org. https://dermnetnz.org/cme/principles/functions-of-the-skin
Dong, R., & Guo, B. (2021). Smart wound dressings for wound healing. Nano Today, 41, 101290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2021.101290
Douglas, H. E., & Wood, F. (2017). Burns dressings. Australian Family Physician, 46(3). https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2017/march/burns-dressings
Evers, L. H., Bhavsar, D., & Mailänder, P. (2010). The biology of burn injury. Experimental Dermatology, 19(9), 777–783. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01105.x
Goei, H., van Baar, M. E., Dokter, J., Vloemans, J., Beerthuizen, G. I. J. M., Middelkoop, E., & van der Vlies, K. H. (2020). Burns in the elderly: a nationwide study on management and clinical outcomes. Burns & Trauma, 8. https://doi.org/10.1093/burnst/tkaa027
Greenhalgh, D. G. (2019). Management of Burns. New England Journal of Medicine, 380(24), 2349–2359. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1807442
Hardwicke, J., Hunter, T., Staruch, R., & Moiemen, N. (2012). Chemical burns – An historical comparison and review of the literature. Burns, 38(3), 383–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2011.09.014
Hermis, A. H., Tehrany, P. M., Hosseini, S. J., Firooz, M., Hosseini, S. R., Jamshidbeigi, A., Mahdiabadi, M. Z., Vajargah, P. G., Mollaei, A., Karkhah, S., Takasi, P., Otaghvar, H. A., & Farzan, R. (2023). Prevalence of non‐accidental burns and related factors in children: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. International Wound Journal, 20(9), 3855–3870. https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.14236
Hettiaratchy, S., & Papini, R. (2004). Initial management of a major burn: II—assessment and resuscitation. BMJ, 329(7457), 101–103. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7457.101
Hulsebos, I. F., Pham, C. H., Collier, Z. J., Fang, M., Vrouwe, S. Q., Sugiyama, A., Yenikomshian, H. A., Garner, W. L., & Gillenwater, J. (2020). Stimulant Abuse in Burn Patients Is Associated With an Increased Use of Hospital Resources. Journal of Burn Care & Research, 41(5), 921–925. https://doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/iraa087
Ji, S., Xiao, S., & Xia, Z. (2024). Consensus on the treatment of second-degree burn wounds (2024 edition). Burns & Trauma, 12. https://doi.org/10.1093/burnst/tkad061
Kaushik, S., & Bird, S. (2025). Topical chemical burns: Initial evaluation and management. Uptodate.com. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/topical-chemical-burns-initial-evaluation-and-management?topicRef=819&source=see_link
Kayne, C. (2022, May 31). Painful or debilitating burn wounds can lead to mental health challenges. Health.osu.edu. https://health.osu.edu/health/mental-health/burn-wounds-can-lead-to-mental-health-challenges
Klifto, K. M., Shetty, P. N., Slavin, B. R., Gurno, C. F., Seal, S. M., Asif, M., & Hultman, C. S. (2019). Impact of nicotine/smoking, alcohol, and illicit substance use on outcomes and complications of burn patients requiring hospital admission: systematic review and meta-analysis. Burns, 46(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2019.08.003
Knight, J. (2017, November 27). Anatomy and physiology of ageing 11: the skin | Nursing Times. Nursing Times. https://www.nursingtimes.net/older-peoples-nursing/anatomy-and-physiology-of-ageing-11-the-skin-27-11-2017/
Krisna, M. A. (2015). Electrical burns | DermNet NZ. https://dermnetnz.org/topics/electrical-burn
Media Relations. (2023, June 6). Programmable 3D printed wound dressing could improve treatment for burn, cancer patients. Waterloo News. https://uwaterloo.ca/news/media/programmable-3d-printed-wound-dressing-could-improve
MIMS. (2023). FlamazineTM Cream silver sulfadiazine. https://www.nps.org.au/assets/medicines/acb28583-2850-4d11-9e92-a53300ff911c.pdf
Moiemen, N. S., Lee, K. C., & Joory, K. (2014). History of burns: The past, present and the future. Burns & Trauma, 2(4), 169. https://doi.org/10.4103/2321-3868.143620
Moore, R. A., Waheed, A., & Burns, B. (2022). Rule of nines. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513287/
Murray, A. (2021). Chemical burns. Oxford University Press EBooks, 205–214. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682874.003.0246
News Desk. (2020, December 9). Burns prevention and treatment an urgent priority for Indigenous children. News. https://news.flinders.edu.au/blog/2020/12/10/burns-prevention-and-treatment-an-urgent-priority-for-indigenous-children/
Ngan, V. (2006). Thermal burns. DermNet NZ. https://dermnetnz.org/topics/thermal-burn
Ngan, V. (2007). Chemical burns. DermNet NZ. https://dermnetnz.org/topics/chemical-burn
Nguyen, P., Lewis, J., Carroll, I., Mbinui Ghogomu, Blancheneige Beohon, Dao, M., Ayadi, A. E., Wolf, S., & Song, J. (2025). 938 Impact of Preexisting Substance Use Disorders on Prolonged Opioid Use and Postoperative Complications After Burns. Journal of Burn Care & Research, 46(Supplement_1), S353–S353. https://doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/iraf019.469
NHS Foundation Trust. (2024). The Management of Burns & Scalds Procedural Document Services. https://www.elft.nhs.uk/sites/default/files/2024-01/Management%20of%20Scalds%20and%20Burns%20Procedural%20Document%201.0.pdf
O’Keefe, K. (2025). Electrical injuries and lightning strikes: Evaluation and management. Uptodate.com. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/electrical-injuries-and-lightning-strikes-evaluation-and-management?topicRef=819&source=see_link
Physiopedia . (2025). Complications Post Burns. https://www.physio-pedia.com/Complications_Post_Burns
Physiopedia contributors. (2024). Introduction to Burns. https://www.physio-pedia.com/Introduction_to_Burns
Ranaweera, A. (2012). Radiation dermatitis. DermNet NZ. https://dermnetnz.org/topics/radiation-dermatitis
Rice, P. L., & Orgill, D. P. (2019). Assessment and classification of burn injury. Uptodate.com. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/assessment-and-classification-of-burn-injury
Rowan, M. P., Cancio, L. C., Elster, E. A., Burmeister, D. M., Rose, L. F., Natesan, S., Chan, R. K., Christy, R. J., & Chung, K. K. (2015). Burn wound healing and treatment: review and advancements. Critical Care (London, England), 19(19), 243. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-015-0961-2
Royal Australian College of GP. (2017). Thermal burns. Racgp.org.au. https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/june/thermal-burns-assessment-and-acute-management/
Saberianpour, S., Melotto, G., Forss, R., Redhead, L., Elsom, J., Terrazzini, N., Sandeman, S., Sarker, D., Bucca, G., Hesketh, A., Crua, C., & Santin, M. (2023). Development of theranostic wound dressings: harnessing the knowledge of biospecific interactions at the biomaterial interface to promote healing and identify biomarkers. Expert Review of Medical Devices, 20(3), 163–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/17434440.2023.2181694
Safekids Aotearoa. (2020). CHILDHOOD BURNS IN AOTEAROA 2020 AN OVERVIEW. https://media.starship.org.nz/download-childhood-burns-in-aotearoa-2020-%3E%3E/Childhood_Burns_2020.pdf
Schaefer, T. J., & Tannan, S. C. (2023, May 29). Thermal Burns. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430773/
Singh, A. (2023, December 13). Difference Between Thick And Thin Skin Anatomy. Knya. https://knyamed.com/blogs/difference-between/thick-vs-thin-skin-anatomy?srsltid=AfmBOoqNKgJQ7mx_vHid5p_H22CLmGL9t41tAiDvjt92VV39xdQcBKrq
Smith, A. (2011a). Nonaccidental Anne Smith injury in childhood. Australian Family Physician Vol, 40(11).
Smith, A. (2011b). Nonaccidental injury in childhood. https://www.racgp.org.au/getattachment/5cbf2ff1-a135-43e1-8dbd-837743bb29bf/Nonaccidental-injury-in-childhood.aspx
Stanton, E., Won, P., Manasyan, A., Gurram, S., Gilllenwater, T. J., & Yenikomshian, H. A. (2024). Neuropathic pain in burn patients – A common problem with little literature: A systematic review. Burns, 50(5), 1053–1061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2024.02.013
Tenenhaus, M., & Rennekampff, O. (2025). Treatment of epidermal/superficial partial-thickness burn injury requiring hospital admission. Uptodate.com. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-epidermal-superficial-partial-thickness-burn-injury-requiring-hospital-admission?topicRef=819&source=related_link
The Agency for Clinical Innovation. (2019). 4th Edition Burn Patient Management CLINICAL GUIDELINES. https://aci.health.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/250020/ACI-Burn-patient-management-guidelines.pdf
The Australian and New Zealand Committee on Resuscitation. (2025). Guideline 9.1.3 – First Aid for Burns. ANZCOR Guidelines. https://www.anzcor.org/home/first-aid-management-of-injuries/guideline-9-1-3-first-aid-for-burns/
The National Safety Council. (2016, October 5). Treadmill-related friction burns often more severe than stovetop burns among kids, study finds. Safety+Health. https://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/14748-treadmill-related-friction-burns-often-more-severe-than-stovetop-burns-among-kids-study-finds?utm_source=chatgpt.com
The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne. (2018). Trauma Service : Burns- Non Accidental Injury. Rch.org.au. https://www.rch.org.au/trauma-service/manual/Burns/#non-accidental-injury
The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne. (2023). Clinical Guidelines (Nursing) : Wound assessment and management. Www.rch.org.au. https://www.rch.org.au/rchcpg/hospital_clinical_guideline_index/Wound_assessment_and_management/#wound-cleansing
The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne. (2024). Trauma service : Burns. Www.rch.org.au. https://www.rch.org.au/trauma-service/manual/Burns/
The Victorian Adult Burns Service. (2024). Preparing and cleaning the burn wound. Vicburns.org.au. https://www.vicburns.org.au/minor-burns/preparing-and-cleaning-the-burn-wound/
Townsend, A. N., Batra, N., Lilenfeld, L., Maurin, E., Inverso, H., Burd, R. S., & Tully, C. B. (2022). Parent Traumatic Stress After Minor Pediatric Burn Injury. Journal of Burn Care & Research, 44(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irac055
Tran, S., Jacques, M., & Holland, A. (2019). Assessment and management of minor burns in children. Australian Journal of General Practice, 48(9), 590–595. https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-04-19-4919
Trevejo-Nunez, G., Kolls, J. K., & Wit, M. de. (2015). Alcohol Use As a Risk Factor in Infections and Healing: A Clinician’s Perspective. PubMed, 37(2), 177–184.
Walsh, K., Hughes, I., & Dheansa, B. (2022). Management of chemical burns. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 83(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2020.0056
Wiechman, S., & Bhalla, P. (2025). UpToDate. Uptodate.com. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-burn-wound-pain-and-itching#H13088947
Wikipedia Contributors. (2019, November 7). Thermal burn. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_burn
World Health Organization. (2023, October 13). Burns. WHO; World Health Organization: WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/burns
You, Z., Jain, S., Shen, S., Mao, J., & Martyn, J. A. J. (2025). Pathophysiology and management of burn injury-induced pain. Burns Open, 10, 100396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burnso.2025.100396
Yung, A. (2007). Structure of normal skin. Dermnetnz.org. https://dermnetnz.org/topics/the-structure-of-normal-skin
Zhang, M., Lin, Y., Han, Z., Huang, X., Zhou, S., Wang, S., Zhou, Y., Han, X., & Chen, H. (2024). Exploring mechanisms of skin aging: insights for clinical treatment. Frontiers in Immunology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1421858
Zhou, Y.-Q., Zhou, J.-Y., Luo, G.-X., & Tan, J.-L. (2021). Effects of early rehabilitation in improvement of paediatric burnt hands function. World Journal of Clinical Cases, 9(32), 9741–9751. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v9.i32.9741
Żwierełło, W., Piorun, K., Skórka-Majewicz, M., Maruszewska, A., Antoniewski, J., & Gutowska, I. (2023). Burns: classification, pathophysiology, and treatment: a review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4), 3749. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043749
